Essay Samples With Author Information

Essay Samples With Author InformationIf you want to give your readers or students an insight into what you have written, then you can use essay samples with author names on it. This can give them a glimpse about the works that you have written. You can do this in several ways but the most effective and efficient method is through this method. It allows you to share and open up all of your works with others and gives them a taste of what you have written.The samples with author information will provide you with an opportunity to state the name of the writer who wrote the sample. This can provide them an opportunity to see if they can recognize the name of the author. Using the sample allows them an insight into your written content and allows them to have an opportunity to read more of what you have written.Another reason why using the sample is highly recommended is because the sample allows you to read the samples with the name of the author. You will be able to get a complete overv iew of the work so that you can read it again if they are interested and continue with their reading. They will be able to continue reading and you will not be able to stop their interest.The essay samples with author information can also give them an opportunity to see the work of another writer who has worked with your topic. This will allow them to get a better idea about what their choices will be. Also they will be able to know the areas that they need to focus their attention on and what specific topic they should focus on. As they learn about your works, they will be able to make better decisions for themselves.Lastly, you will be able to give your students the opportunity to compare your works and be able to compare your essays with other writer's works. This will allow them to find the best works that they can possibly choose from and work on improving their writing. They will have the option to read the works that other authors have written and give them an idea about what works they are reading. Additionally, they will be able to compare the different works that they are reading with what other authors have written.There are many reasons why using these works with essay samples is a great idea. One reason is because you are able to present the work of other writers. This gives you an idea about the types of works that other writers have done. You will be able to understand what works have been published and what works have been rejected.Using essay samples with author information will allow you to offer a better service to your audience and give them an insight into what you have written. This way you will be able to give them a new and unique look into your work and you will be able to give them a fresh idea of what you have written.

The L-shaped Room by Lynne Reid Banks Essay - 3133 Words

The L-shaped Room by Lynne Reid Banks The narrators views of social prejudice are conveyed through the experience of Jane the main character. My father and I hadnt said a word to each other when I went home for my things. Hes told me to go and I was going; he didnt care where and so why should I tell him? The above opening quotation is from The L-shaped Room written by Lynne Reid Banks. It captures an insight into the attitudes of the time. The author mainly focuses on reflecting the journey Jane faces through her unwanted pregnancy, coping with emotional difficulties and the dilemmas that face her. I feel the novel made me sympathetic towards Jane, as the novel kept me captivated; with many twists and turns and†¦show more content†¦Yet these neighbours eventually draw her back to life. At the start of the novel Jane realised it was morally wrong in her society to be pregnant but she tries to be strong to admit the truth to her father: â€Å"‘I’m pregnant I said. These two words shocked even me with their crudeness. I instantly wished Id said the softer I m going to have a baby. The blunt statement of the biological fact had the same after- echoes as a slap across his face. The writer has made me feel that Jane thought some weight would ease of her mind by being strong and telling her father, as he may understand as she is the only child with no mother. However the sharpness of the truth hits Jane at the same time as she admits the truth because she realises she is in the situation and she is not generally stating something that will have no affect on her. I think the dash reveals extra feelings, of how she now feels after admitting the truth but in addition to this the sentence before and after the dash is a vivid contrast. Before the dash it suggests what she said was simple and straightforward words but it compares the effect of the words after the dash which shows the words are shocking. Echoes as a slap across the face shows how forceful the words actually sounded. This phrase is a simile which compares her words as being worse than a slap. In my opinion the word choice of ‘echoes’ expresses how the admittance of the truth must have been aShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesorganizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting) to describe the functions of a manager. 7. Henry Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper Row, 1980). 8. See, for instance, Jeffrey S. Shippman, Eric Prien, and Gary L. Hughes, â€Å"The Content of Management Work,† Journal of Business and Psychology 5 (March 1991): 325–54. 9. Robert Katz, â€Å"Skills of an Effective Administrator,† Harvard Business Review 52 (September–October 1974): 90–102. 10. G. Edward Evans, â€Å"Management

Cuba The Plight Of A Nation And Its Revolution Essay Example For Students

Cuba: The Plight Of A Nation And Its Revolution Essay Cuba: The Plight of a Nation and its RevolutionWhile the isle of Cuba was initially discovered on October 27, 1492 during one ofColumbus first voyages, it wasnt actually claimed by Spain until the sixteenth century. However, its tumultuous beginnings as a Spanish sugar colony provides an insightful backdropinto the very essence of the countrys political and economic unrest. From its earlyrevolutionary days to the insurrectional challenge of the Marxist-Leninist theories emerged thetotalitarian regime under Fidel Castro in present day Cuba. Cuban colonial society was distinguished by the characteristics of colonial societies ingeneral, namely a stratified, inegalitarian class system; a poorly differentiated agriculturaleconomy; a dominant political class made up of colonial officers, the clergy, and the military; anexclusionary and elitist education system controlled by the clergy; and a pervasive religioussystem.1 Cubas agrarian monocultural character, economically dependant upon sugarcultivation, production and export severely restricted its potential for growth as a nation, therebyfirmly implanting its newly sprouted roots firmly in the trenches of poverty from the verybeginning of the countrys existence. In 1868, Cuba entered in to The Ten Years War against Spain in a struggle forindependence, but to no avail. Ten years of bitter and destructive conflict ensued, but the goal ofindependence was not achieved. Political divisions among patriot forces, personal quarrelsamong rebel military leaders, and the failure of the rebels to gain the backing of the UnitedStates, coupled with stiff resistance from Spain and the Cubans inability to carry the war inearnest to the western provinces, produced a military stalemate in the final stages.2 The war hada devastating effect on an already weak economic and political infrastructure. The defeat, however, did not hinder the resolution of the Cuban proletariat for anindependent nation. In the words of one author, The Cubans ability to wage a costly, protracted struggle againstSpain demonstrated that proindependence sentiment was strongand could be manifested militarily. On the other hand, before anyeffort to terminate Spanish control could succeed, differences overslavery, political organization, leadership, and military strategy hadto be resolved. In short, the very inconclusiveness of the war left afeeling that the Cubans could and would resume their struggleuntil their legitimate political objectives of independence andsovereignty were attained.3The years following the Ten Years War were harsh and austere. The countryside,ravaged and desolate, bankrupted Spanish sugar interests in Cuba, virtually destroying theindustry. The Spanish owners sold out to North American interests, a process accelerated by thefinal abolition of slavery in Cuba in 1886.4 The end of slavery, naturally, meant the end of freelabor. The sugar growers, therefore, began to import machinery from the United States. Essentially, Cuba deferred its economic dependence from Spain directly to the U.S. Whatbecame known as the American Sugar Refining Company supplied from seventy to ninetypercent of all sugar consumed by the United States, thus mandating the dir ection of the Cubanagricultural industry and thereby controlling its economy. Moreover, the United States interventionism in the Cuban-Spanish war in 1898,motivated primarily by interests in the Cuban market, led the surrender of the Spanish armydirectly to the United States, not Cuba. This war later became known as the Spanish-AmericanWar. The leader and organizer of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, Jose Martis, goal of trueindependence was buried without honor in 1898.5In the years from 1902 to 1959, following the institution of the Platt Amendment, whichwas an amendment to the Cuban constitution, that stated that the United States had the right tointervene in Cuba at any time, a period which came to be termed the ?Pseudo Republic? ensued. In the words of General Wood:Of course, Cuba has been left with little or no independence by thePlatt AmendmentThe Cuban Government cannot enter intocertain treaties without our consent, nor secure loans above certainlimits, and it must maintain t he sanitary conditions that have beenindicated. With the control that we have over Cuba, a controlwhich, without doubt, will soon turn her into our possession, soonwe will practically control the sugar market in the world. I believethat it is a very desirable acquisition for the United States. Theisland will gradually be ?Americanized,? and in the due course wewill have one of the most rich and desirable possessions existing inthe entire world6The Great Depression however, had a immense impact on United States holdings of theCuban sugar industry. In the summer and fall of 1920 when the price of sugar fell fromtwenty-two cents a pound to three cents a pound, Cubans were left poverty stricken and starving,as their sugar market was totally dependent upon the United States. Additionally, Americabegan to disengage itself from the strangling hold it had over the Cuban economy by vastlydiminishing the amount of its imports from forty percent in previous years to eighteen percent. Inthe wak e of this massive monetary pull-out, a vacuum formed in which a basically leaderlessCuba (its current leader, President Machado, had lost the ability to govern after his promise of?tranquility of the government and the country? had not been delivered) became ripe for radicalstudent uprisings and the introduction of Marxist ideas. Thus was formed the Cuban CommunistParty, led by Julio Mella and Carlos Balino, the former an eighteen year old university basketballplayer and the latter, a veteran socialist and comrade of Jose Marti. In 1933, President Roosevelt sent Cuban ambassador, Sumner Wells, to Havana in anattempt to stop the ?political whirlpool in which an estimated $1,500,000,000 in U.S. investments was likely to drown?.7 Welles proposed the appointment of Carlos Manuel deCespedes, former Cuban ambassador to Washington, as president. Shortly thereafter, leaders ofa radical student organization ?transformed their rebellion into a revolt?, and informed PresidentCespedes that he had been deposed. Cespedes abandoned the presidential palace asinconspicuously as he had arrived.8From 1930 to 1935, Antonio Guiteras led the island on a ?revolutionary path? and formeda government that was ?for the people, but not by the people or of the people?9, which the U.S. refused to recognize. In 1935 Guiteras was assassinated by Fulgencio Batista who proceeded torun Cuban affairs for the next decade. It was a government that the United States recognized asthe ?only legitimate authority on the island?.10 Then in 1944, Batista, the ?American darling?,lost the presidential election to Grau San Martin, who had recently returned from exile. TheGrau presidency has been described as such:The Autentico administrations of Grau (1944-1948) and Prio(1948-52) had failed to curb the political corruption and theassociated gangster violence; more importantly they had failed tosatisfy popular aspirations for independence and social progress. here were still disruptive protests against U.S. control andexploitation of the Cuban economy; and when Prio agreed to sendCuban troops to support the U.S. invasion of Korea in 1950, theoffer was backed by a successful campaign around the slogan, ?Nocannon fodder for Yankee imperialists. The general politicalinstability, the gro wing unpopularity of the Autenticos, therampant corruption and violence all were again setting the scenefor political upheaval.11On January 1, 1959 unable to withstand the burden of both a politically and economicallyfailing nation, and under pressure from the Cuban Communist Party led by Fidel Castro and hisMarxist-Leninist revolutionary followers, Batista fled Cuba. Paradoxically, the breakdown ofthe authoritarian regime in Cuba illustrates the fragility of presumably reliable clientelisticarrangements, insofar as these cannot substitute for strong central authority.12 Foreigninvestment in the economy was substantial once again in the late 1950s, with U.S. capitaldominant in the agricultural sectors.13 Having gained a substantial amount of support from the Cuban people, Fidel Castro wasquick to move into power as the countrys most prominent leader. Shortly thereafter, Castroallied his nation with the Soviet Union and denounced the United States as an imperialistic andcapitalist a ggression. In essence, the U.S.S.R. became Cubas new ?lifeline?. Naturally, theCuban relationship with the Soviet Union made for inevitable tensions with its neighbor.14 TheUnited States belief that the ?Cuban leader had allowed his country to become a Soviet satellite,and that Castros regime might produce a spate of revolutions throughout Latin America?15 leddirectly to the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961, a failed attempt to overthrow Castro. The Bay ofPigs invasion combined with the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 sufficiently set the stage for thepresent day political tensions between the United States and Cuba. Due to the isolationist mood in the United States in the years following the failed CubanMissile Crisis and then the Vietnam War, Fidel Castro was free to rise to power and create thecommunist island he so desperately endeavored to achieve. Without the U.S. to interfere, Castrocould be likened to a ?kid in a candy store?. Because Cuba had historically always been inpolitical t urmoil, it was not difficult for Castro, for all his charm and charisma, to win thepopular vote of the people. Traditionally, in a nation as oppressed as Cuba had been, citizenstend to fall easy prey to totalitarian or authoritarian rule due to their need to be led by agovernment, any government, that may possibly facilitate any kind of economic growth. The endof the Cold War, however, left Cuba isolated when it lost its Soviet Patron.16 It has been arguedthat there are two schools of thought on how to deal with Castro in the post Cold War era:One school, championed primarily by the exiled Cuban communityand Senate Foreign Relations Chairman Jesse Helms, wanted a fullcourt press to bring Castro down. They assumed further economicdeprivation would push the Cuban people to rise up and ridthemselves of the Castro dictatorship at last. The United States,with new laws penalizing countries, corporations, or persons doingbusiness with Cuba, would compel the international community tojoin i n the strangulation. This strategy received no internationalsupport. Essay On Colonies Essaypolicymakers. Although Russia and the former eastern bloccountries have undergone widespread democratic and free-marketeconomic reform, Cuba remains one of the only communistdictatorships in the world. Removing Castro from power andimplementing reform in Cuba are top U.S. foreign policy priorities,but lawmakers disagree on the best course of action. While someargue that the U.S. trade embargo has proved ineffective andinhumane, others respond that the United States should continue toapply pressure on Castro until he is toppled from power. As thelawmakers debate, the misery in Cuba is worsening, and somecountries are now beginning to blame U.S. policy. Time will tellwhether the United States continues its present course or revises apolicy that is increasingly unpopular with even its most loyalallies.21Every now and again Castro allows a thaw in relations, but when the United States getsoverly friendly he arranges a provocation, such as the drowning of two smal l planes piloted byCuban exiles in 1996, which led to the passage by the United States congress of theHelms-Burton Act a month later.22 Presently, Cuba is in the process of developing an advanced telecommunications systemwith the help of communist ally China. Cuba was visited recently by Chinese delegate WuJichuan and Fidel Castro claims that relations between Cuba and China have never been better. Additionally, Cuba is seeking to end the 40-year United States trade embargo against the island. Should this occur, it would greatly enhance the countrys currently sagging economy. There isincreasing pressure from United States business and agricultural communities to begin brisktrade with Cuba and take advantage of a new and potentially highly profitable market.23 If Cubais successful at expanding its monocultural economy the country should experience remarkablyauspicious results in the event of a lifting of the U.S. embargo. More importantly, Castro wouldno longer have an excuse for the deficiencies in the Cuban economy. Additionally, housing for Cubans, which is guaranteed in the constitution, or the recentlack thereof, has reached epidemic proportions in Havana, the islands capital. Reportedly, thegovernment admits the country does not have nearly enough building materials or manpower togive everyone the home they have been promised.24 For a socialist society dedicated to takingcare of its people, the country seems to have fallen short in this arena, as well. Another recent political Cuban event overshadowing most other important Cubanpolitical events, if only due to the extensive media coverage than the actual quality ofnewsworthy content, is the ?tragicomedy? of the custody battle of near Cuban defector, ElianGonzalez. In what should have been nothing more than an international custody battle over thesix year old Cuban child, an all out political battle between the United States and Cuba ensued. In my opinion, the incident had been seemingly spawned mainly from harbored resentment byCuban-America ns over the failed Bay of Pigs event, in addition to their hatred of theauthoritarian leader. Again, they fought and lost to Castro. This time, however, Fidel Castrowas legitimate in his reproach and used the situation to portray the United States in an extremelyunfavorable light. He succeeded, as the rest of the world looked on wondering what all the hypewas about. What is extraordinary about Fidel Castro, however, is that he is still here at all. Morethan 40 years after coming to power, he survives. He survives in the face of the unremittinghostility of a superpower only 90 miles away. He survives in spite of the fact that his mainpatron, the Soviet Union, has disappeared, his ideology, Marxist-Leninism, is discredited, and hiseconomy is less than perfect. Despite the fact that an inordinate number of common citizensprefer to chance death at sea rather than remain in his nation, Fidel survives.25 BibliographyNOTES1 Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba: Dilemmas of a Revolution (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.,1984), p. 9. 2 Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba: Dilemmas of a Revolution (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.,1984), p. 12. 3 Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba: Dilemmas of a Revolution (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.,1984), p. 13. 4 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 30. 5 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 37. 6 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 38. 7 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 44. 8 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 46. 9 Terrance Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba (Toronto: Fitzhenry Whiteside Limited, 1981),p. 46. 10 Geoff Simons, Cuba: From Conquistador to Castro (New York: St. Martins Press,1996), p. 254. 11 Geoff Simons, Cuba: From Conquistador to Castro (New York: St. Martins Press,1996), p. 257. 12 Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba: Dilemmas of a Revolution (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.,1984), p. 38. 13 Juan M. del Aguila, Cuba: Dilemmas of a Revolution (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.,1984), p. 40. 14 Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty-Five Years of Revolution, 1959 to1984 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985), p. 358. 15 Mark J. White, Missles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis(Chicago: Mark J. White, 1977), p. 12. 16 Michael G. Roskin and Nicholas O. Berry, The New World of International Relations(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999), p. 190. 17 Michael G. Roskin and Nicholas O. Berry, The New World of International Relations(New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999), p. 190. 18 Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty-Five Years of Revolution, 1959 to1984 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985), p. 375. 19 Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty-Five Years of Revolution, 1959 to1984 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985), p. 375. 20 Sandor Halebsky and John M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty-Five Years of Revolution, 1959 to1984 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985), p. 421. 21 World Wide Web, U.S. Policy Towards Cuba, (www.closeup.org/cuba, 1997). 22 World Wide Web, Boston Globe CubaNet News, Inc., (www.cubanetnews.com, 2000). 23 World Wide Web, China Helps Cuba Get Current on Communications Technology,(www.cubanetnews.com, 2000). 24 World Wide Web, Despite Guarantess, Homelessnes Creeps Into Cuba,(www.cubanetnews.com, 2000). 25 World Wide Web, Government and Politics of Cuba, (www.cubapolidata.com, 2000). Political Science

Personality profiling in sport Essay Example

Personality profiling in sport Essay Describe theories related to personality and how they affect sports performance. Evaluate critically personality profiling in sport. What is a personality? Hollander tells us that a personality Is the sum of an individuals characteristics which make a human unique. But it is not known for sure what a personality actually is or how we actually begin to form them. There exist three main personality theories and each of them relate to sports performance in their own way. The first theory is called the trait perspective theory. Trait theory states that we are born with personality characteristics that influence the way in which we behave in sport and in everyday life. Personality traits are stable and therefore vary little over time. Some sports performers may have an aggressive trait and this may surface in a variety of different situations. The key people behind this theory are Eysenck, Cattell and Girdano. Eysenck identified four primary personality traits and arranged them in a 2 dimensional diagram. The model was laid out in a cross, and at one end you have introversion and extroversion, and the other stable and neurosis. According to Eysenck you could either be stable or neurotic, but not both for example. It is said that extroverts, with their outgoing and sociable nature, would be more suited for team games such as football. Where as a quiet, reserved Introvert would be mores suited for individual sports such as archery. This data was collected by POMS, or profile of mood states a type of personality profiling. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profiling in sport specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profiling in sport specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profiling in sport specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cattell argued that more than just two or three dimensions were needed in order to create a full picture of a persons personality. He proposed that personality could be reduced to and measured in terms of 16 personality factors. He argued that measuring these factors via his test would give an appropriate personality profile. He recognised that personality was more dynamic than Eysenck suggested and could fluctuate according to the situation. So according to Cattell, a football player who never normally shows signs of aggression, may show signs when involved in a certain situation. Girdano was also a trait theorist and he suggested there are two distinct personality types, Type A and Type B. Type A according to Girano would be; highly competitive, have a strong desire to win, fast working, controlling and prone to stress. Type B would be the polar opposite of this, and would be; non-competitive, unambitious, slow working, no urge to control and less prone to stress. From this we see that the first distinct personality type would be more suited and more successful for a team game, and Type B would be more suitable for an individual game. We also see that Type A would be likely to get stressed in high pressure situations where as Type B would keep calm, however it would be likely for Type B to be unable to trigger any sort of aggressive or competitive characteristic when it mattered. The second theory is called the social learning perspective theory. The social learning theory, developed by Bandura, differs from trait and interactional approaches in that it sees individual differences in behaviour as resulting from different learning experiences. This means that what determines an individual’s response to a situation is not so much their genetic make-up or the constraints of the particular situation, but instead how past experience has taught that person to act. Behaviour therefore changes depending on the situation and is therefore a product of our interaction with the environment. Banduras model shows us how this personality theory affects sports performance. An inexperienced performer may be inspired by the positive attitude and commitment of an experienced player, and then chooses to copy desirable approach, receiving positive reinforcement in doing so. The third and final personality theory is the interactionist approach, which was based on the work done by Hollander. It is a combination of the trait and social learning perspectives. It suggests to us that personality is modified and behaviour is formed when genetically inherited traits are triggered by an environmental circumstance, thus meaning that behaviour is unpredictable. It also explains to us why behaviour can change in different situations, so for example a competitive rugby player may not be so competitive when off the field of play. Personality profiling is done to see which personalities are fit for what sport, and if a certain individual personality is one that all athletes may share. This is difficult due to the fact there is no clear, universal definition of a personality. Personality profiling involves measuring an athlete on a number of personality scales and building up a picture of their strengths and weaknesses. Tests can be measured in a various number of ways, through; questionnaires, interviews, observations or profile of mood states. There are a number of problems with personal profiling though. There is no conclusive evidence that a sports personality actually exists, so far there only exists theories surrounding the matter and no hard evidence. Profiling results are usually subjective, and conclusions may be influenced by personal opinions with no support of scientific evidence. Profiling results are invalid more often than not. It is feared that an athlete may unconsciously modify their own behaviour to match up to the profile ascribed to them. There also exists a reliability issue, due to the fact questionnaires are often carried out using self report, so therefore not always answered correctly or honestly.

Any Topic (writers Choice) Example

Any Topic (writers Choice) Example Any Topic (writer's Choice) – Case Study Example Exercise Programme and Asthma Insert Insert What is the species of the model/study organism? Patient with Asthma 2. What is one piece of interesting information found in the introduction? Asthma is a chronic disease and some of the symptoms are is difficulty in breathing and lungs being filled with air. The other point of interest is the objective of the study that is the effect of an exercise programme and vitamin D supplementation on performance and respiratory indicators in patients with asthma (Couzen, 1991). 3. What are the major question and / or hypothesis studied in the journal article? The following are the issues of the study;- How does aerobic exercise help patients with asthma? How does both aerobic exercise and supplement of vitamin D help patients with asthma? How does vitamin D alone affect asthma patients? What are the effects of asthma patients who do not do exercises and use vitamin D supplement? 4. A sampling of the study? The sampling took place in Ilam, Iran. Where by 32 women with asthma volunteer to be the sample size. To determine whether the women who were asthmatic or no a clinical examination, pulmonary function tests, a skin prick test for aeroallergens, and a six-minute walk test (Couzen, 1991). The participants were allocated four treatments that are as follows; - 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise, and vitamin D supplementation and vitamin D supplementation alone. The control group did not participate in the exercise programme and did not receive vitamin D supplementation. 5. Choose one experiment from the study a) Describe the experiment One of the experiments done was an aerobic exercise that lasted for the duration of 8 weeks. This 8-week exercise programme comprises of 30 minutes session of the exercise per week.There the stretching, walking and running is part of the task (Couzen, 1991). b) What are the prediction and response variables for the experiments? The prediction is that the ones who were doing aerobics and vitamin D supplement had improved pulmonary function. c) Describe how the evidence supported/ answered the primary hypothesis /questions? The experiment showed that the group involved involvement in an 8-week aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation programme and the one involved in both aerobics and vitamin D supplement showed a decrease in FEVI, FVC and 6- MWT. This shows that this exercise could improve the airflow in the lungs (Couzen, 1991). 6. What was the major conclusion of the study From the findings, I can conclude that aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplement would improve pulmonary function and activity tolerance in asthmatic patients. This remedy could be used as a non-pharmacological treatment and as part of pulmonary rehabilitation programme in asthmatic patients used by specialists. This will help in economic savings in terms of reducing the health cost. The analysis met the objectives for the study and were regarded successful. Future search in the same field can attract different approaches towards getting accurate results. They include the use of modernised technological equipment to carry out the measurement, data entry, and analysis. References Couzen, N. H. (1991). Asthma and Exercise. Jones and Bartlett.

Business Ethics and Sustainability Employee

In the present contemporary professional world it is estimated that an employee spend more than 75% of their time in building interpersonal relations in workplaces, so it can be understood why most of the organizational problems have the root in poor munication skills. The need for employees with effective munication skills is growing in business world simply because it is necessary for building rapport both at the interpersonal and organizational levels. An individual success in professional world truly based on one’s ability to municate well. munication is an important process as it allows us to share our interest and take important decisions in our personal as well as in professional career. The purpose of this essay is to engage in reflective practice, using 5 diagnostic munication tools and their feedback, so that I can identify two key areas of personal capability which can be improved to increase my munication effectiveness. Lastly, I have sketched a six month action wi th timeline and success measure included. Every individual has different munication style and most of the time the person is unaware about the strength and weakness in his munication style. According to famous business expert and author Mark Murphy, there are four basic munication style and they are Analytical, Intuitive, Functional and Personal. The tools that I have used in this study to access my munication style are Johari Window, munications Style  Questionnaire, Assertiveness Questionnaires, Interpersonal munication Skill Test and Listening Skills Test. The basic purpose of Johari window tool is for self-awareness and personal development for improve understanding between individuals (Saxena, 2015). In Johari Window, it was found according to the test that it is evident that I am aware that I have a bold and energetic personality and adaptive in situations. Also, I am logical and spontaneous. But I also get self conscious at times. Whereas according to my friends, I am a friendly and approachable person who they can trust and can depend upon but get nervous and tensed when I am in pressure. This tool has helped me to recognize what my view about self and what is the social image I have in friends and acquaintances (Lowy & Hood 2011). Undergoing the test has resulted in better understanding in self awareness. The munication Style Self Assessment test was conducted to strengthen my munication skills and develop my ability to connect with different people with different munication style. According to the test result, I have a balanced score in munication Style Self Assessment. That means I have no problem in expressing myself most of the time but according to situational needs I tend to obviously and honestly convey my needs, requirements and opinions in a way which is thoughtful of others. The Assertive Test results shows that I am a typical self-assured individual, who reasonably let other individual, know my disagreement with them, especially when I feel I am being poorly treated. This trait shows that I have self respect and want others to treat me in that way. As we live in an environment where most of the times people have different munication style and poor munication leads to misunderstanding and chaos. So, the munication diagnostic tools assisted in swift understanding these differences and grow simple strategies to b e an effective and efficient municator. These self assessments will facilitate to understand what really is going on when we experience mi munication at personal as well as professional life. In this test, I found that I have a clear voice when putting an opinion and people mostly get what I try to convey. I have also empathy towards others which helps others in trusting me. But according to this test I have to improve my listening skills.   This will help me to b e more efficient in my munication skills. By this way when I am outlining the impact of their behaviour on others, I am giving them the probability to reflect on their actions and judge on what needs to be improved. This process also facilitates to avoid makin g assumptions which can create confusion and chaos and harm interpersonal relations in workplace (Griffin, 2013). Last by not the list, I took the Listening skills test. According to the result of this test, I found that I do moderately in the listening part. It is a well known fact that in effective munication listening is a significant part as it reduces mi munication, better interaction between the speaker and the receiver, better interpretation of the message and greater productivity with lesser mistakes (Boud, 2013). This test identified that I have patience but sometimes when the situation b es tense, I tend to lose control and b e impatient which is a huge drawback in effective munication. An active listener is always able to municate well with others. According to the above munication diagnostic tool’s analysis, it is evident that I am a Assertive municator. An assertive municator has generally high self esteem and values their time and self (Bishop, 2013). They also strongly promoter for their rights and requirements without disrespectful towards others or other’s rights. I work as a mechanical engineer in a two wheeler automobile organization. Lately in the past one year, I had two professional interactions and drawing reference from there I have identified some of the shor ings in my munication style. Recently, I had an interaction with my superior regarding work progress and promotion. Also, I had an appointment with the distributors regarding market trends, client feedbacks and what aspects we need to improve in our two wheeler automobile so that we can meet customer expectations. Though most of my attributes in munication style indicates towards being an Assertive municator, I have identified that I need to imp rove and develop my listening skills as well as I should also improve my skills to accept difference in point of view and perceptions. Although I am a good municator with persuading skills, I need to improve my persuasive skills because it is one of the basic qualities that successful all leaders and business person have in mon (Nahavandi, 2016). The word munication can be simply explained as the exchange of beliefs and ideas with the objective to convey information with one another. It is a two way process with the basic objective to exchange and convey an individual’s ideas, beliefs, feelings, opinions and necessities with transparency to arrive at a harmony or a mutually acceptable result. In the present professional environment, effective munication skills are assets of an individual (Ting-Toomey, 2012). It is basically an ability which is mainly b e skilled with experience, but when an individual learns to apply, an effective munication can build long term relationships in professional carrier regardless of defensive adversities. Being an effective municator will support me to b e resourceful while taking initiatives and making important decisions in professional career (Griffin, 2013). Also it will facilitate an individual to participate in team work and engage in effective workplace munication. There are various conceptual munication models which mainly explain the human munication process. One of the basic munication models is Continuous Loop Model, which was developed by assuming that munication is a system or machine (Neuliep, 2014). In this process or system, munication acts as the gear so that the system runs properly. Keeping in mind the Continuous loop model, it is necessary that the two ways process of munication has a swift flow of information so that the basic initiative of information sharing b es fulfilled (Spitzberg, & Cupach, 2012). This process is theoretically correct but in practical when the sender stops sending signals, the process ends. Taking reference from the Continuous model, increasing my listening skill will not only improve my munication skills but also will assists in continuous flow of information in the conversation. An active listener has the ability to understand situation and information better and thus capable of giving more accurate feedback or suggestions Booth, 2009). To explain the concept better we will take assistance of the situation- behaviour- impact feedback tool. For instance in my meeting with distributors, we had a discussion on customer’s demand, market trends and how we can improve the braking system in the two wheeler to meet the customer expectation. I had to give feedback about the meeting to my senior and co-workers. If I had said that customer has a liking for our new two wheeler models showing positive results in sales figure but the brake system needs to be improved. This will only convey the half information about the meeting and details about the improvement needed in the braking system does not convey in the conversation. This clearly creates confusion from the conversation. The conversation does not clearly states what’s need to be improved and what nee ds sustenance. The model was developed by The Centre of Creative Leadership which helped me to deliver more effective feedback. It focuses on the ments on detailed circumstances and behaviours, and then summarizes the impact that these behaviours have on others. The model details the feedback structure like situation, behaviour and impact. When I followed my feedback according to this pattern my senior and co-workers tend to understand what I was trying to convey them. Active listening also improves the ability to learn new things and accept different perspective for better decision making (Bodie, 2012). In the contemporary business organizations have diverse workforce and we will meet diverse co-workers with diverse perspectives. B ing a good listener or active listening skills will facilitate in learning new things and also people will tend to trust and naturally drawn towards me (West & Turner, 2010). Also, b ing active listener I will tend to b e more sensitive towards plex laye rs of cultural differences in workplace. As a result, I will keep in touch with the progression of cultural change at global level. Although my munication diagnostic test results shows that I am a good persuader but I believe in contemporary professional world, every individual needs to improve their perusing skills as it is needed in every sphere of professional world. Persuasion is the skill that influences others to agree on a mon idea or goal (Shockley-Zalabak, 2011). Without persuasion skill, I will not be able to get the resources I want or I will not be able to municate my unique ideas and abilities with others. Persuasive skill is also an important ability in negotiations which is very important for job aspirants and also for professionals (Armstrong, 2011).On the other hand with the right approach and persuading skill an individual can achieve amazing results and climb corporate as well as social ladder. The contemporary organizations prises of diverse workforce from diverse cultural and socio-economic background (Spencer-Oatey, & Franklin, 2009). So, it is natural that they will e with diverse perspecti ves and viewpoints. Thus, managing those diverse workforces to bring expected ou e from them is one of the major challenges of resent business leaders. As a result, organizations look for potential candidates with effective munication skills, persuasive power and good negotiator (Hargie, 2010). The basic task is to persuade the diverse workforce to work towards a mon goal or idea for organisational success. In the above essay we have discussed about my munication style and the basic skills that I need to develop to improve my munication skill with reference of the Action plan rubric for effective munication in the appendix. Effective munication skill is one of the basic sets of abilities which are required to succeed in personal as well as professional life. It is a well known fact that many jobs in cotemporary market needs candidates with strong munication skills and candidates with good munication skills are preferred. Effective munication skills can be achieved with experience and regular practicing to improve techniques. Choosing right approach, books, websites and training will facilitate in learning of plicated concepts of effective munication.   That is why I have sketched a six month action plan that I that I have followed to improve my munication skills. According to five different munication diagnostic tool’s test result I possess a assertive munication style, the onl y skills I lack are active listening and maintaining patience in munication process. I have focused on parts like listening, eye contact, smile, humility, gestures, and voice modulation. I have taken part in various debates and public speaking programs in college and university level to improve my public speaking. For resources, I have used different online video sources from YouTube and read online articles on munication skills. I have also visited library to gather information about verbal munication skills from different scholarly articles. To b e an active listener I have developed the strong signs of attentiveness and also learned the art of questing and remembering.   I created a plan to improve my influencing skills by developing varies of skills like emotional intelligence and persuasion power. I also tracked my potential benefits by keeping notes on daily basis about occasions where different aspects of my development plan b e successful or not. Keeping tack on the areas I needed improvement b e very useful because it pin pointed the problem areas. I had also tried to persuade different co-workers at professional levels to work on a project. The basic intend was to increase understanding by taking into account how my messages might be received by my co-workers. Working in a multi cultural business organization, I have experienced how mi munication can build organizational conflict. So, improving my munication skill will also facilitate in building conflict resolution skills. Active listening and good municator are two important aspects that a manager should possess to have effective conflict resolution skill. Also, having empathy towards others and accepting different perspective will facilitate in my professional growth. At the end of this assignment I learned the importance of effective munication skills in b ing successful and maintain a positive attitude with a smile. Armstrong, M. (2011).  How to be an Even Better Manager: a plete AZ of proven techniques and essential skills. Kogan Page Publishers. Bishop, S. (2013).  Develop your assertiveness  (Vol. 10). Kogan Page Publishers. Bodie, G. D. (2012). Listening as positive munication.  The positive side of interpersonal munication, 109-125. Booth, W. C. (2009).  The rhetoric of rhetoric: The quest for effective munication. John Wiley & Sons. Boud, D. (2013).  Enhancing learning through self-assessment. Routledge. Griffin, R. W. (2013).  Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Hargie, O. (2010).  Skilled interpersonal munication: Research, theory and practice. Routledge. Lowy, A., & Hood, P. (2011).  The power of the 2 x 2 matrix: Using 2 x 2 thinking to solve business problems and make better decisions. John Wiley & Sons. Nahavandi, A. (2016).  The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Neuliep, J. W. (2014).  Intercultural munication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Saxena, P. (2015). JOHARI WINDOW: An Effective Model for Improving Interpersonal munication and Managerial Effectiveness.  SIT Journal of Management,  5(2), 134-146. Shockley-Zalabak, P. (2011).  Fundamentals of organizational munication. Allyn & Bacon. Spencer-Oatey, H., & Franklin, P. (2009).  Intercultural interaction: A multidisciplinary approach to intercultural munication. Springer. Spitzberg, B., & Cupach, W. (2012).  Handbook of interpersonal petence research. Springer Science & Business Media. Ting-Toomey, S. (2012). municating across cultures. Guilford Press. West, R., & Turner, L. H. (2010).  Understanding interpersonal munication: Making choices in changing times. Cengage Learning.

Juvenile and Adult Courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile and Adult Courts - Essay Example It was perceived, due to the influence of industrialization and modernization, that the children were corruptible innocents and that their upbringing demanded greater structure as prerequisite to adulthood than that had been previously regarded. Based on the assumptions of the social scientists who suggested that children are not responsible for their actions in the same way as adults since they are not fully developed, the idea of juvenile justice system was emphasized. According to this view, juvenile criminality is a kind of youthful illness, which can be cured by relocating the juvenile to a better family life in a rural setting. Thus, the first court designed specifically to deal with children was established in Chicago one hundred years ago which led to the growth of a separate juvenile justice system nationwide. "Juvenile courts are responsible for dealing with children who are accused of committing two types of offenses: status offenses - violations of laws with which only ch ildren can be charged (e.g., running away from home); and delinquency offenses - acts committed by a child which, if committed by an adult, could result in criminal prosecution." (Young and Gainsborough, 2000, p 2). Significantly, the premise on which the separate juvenile system rests is that children are developmentally different from adults and that more amenable to treatment and rehabilitation to juvenile criminals can be ensured by this system, unlike the adult criminal justice system. Therefore, it is essential to regard the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system as two separate systems of justice founded on different philosophies, even though there are elements of close resemblance in both the systems. In a comparative analysis of the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal justice system, it becomes evident that the juvenile court system has been historically distinct from adult courts and both the systems are founded on divergent philosophies. Whereas the adult criminal justice system emphasizes the punishment of criminals, the juvenile justice system is mainly concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment, along with community protection. Rehabilitation and treatment are not primary goals in the criminal justice system and the guiding principle of this system is that criminal sanctions should be relative to the offense committed. On the contrary, "the juvenile justice process centers on the individual child and takes into account the child's problems and needs, focusing less on punishment than on helping the child to change and so minimize the likelihood of future criminal behavior." (Young and Gainsborough, 2000, p 2). Although there has been an important speculation in the recent years that the clemency within the juvenile justice system is not always the best option for all cases, it is constantly emphasized that there are several momentous differences between the juvenile and adult courts. The terminology used within the juvenile and adult courts offers one of the main differences between the two systems. "For juveniles who are brought into court, the terminology refers to the situation as an 'act of delinquency'. In the adult court the term 'crime' is used. Another difference is the way in which